Since independence in 1956, Sudan has experienced more than 15 military coups and it has been ruled by the military for the majority of that time, interspersed with periods of democratic parliamentary rule. Two civil wars between the central government and the southern regions killed 1.5 million people, and a conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000 others. The history of conflicts in Sudan has consisted of foreign invasions and resistance, ethnic tensions, religious disputes, and disputes over resources. Starting in June, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) attacked army positions in the south of the country. Throughout the conflict, RSF leader Mohamed Hamdan "Hemedti" Dagalo and Sudan's de facto leader and army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan have disputed control of government sites, including the general military headquarters, the Presidential Palace, Khartoum International Airport, Burhan's official residence, and the SNBC headquarters. The conflict began with attacks by the RSF on government sites as airstrikes, artillery, and gunfire were reported across Sudan. As of 20 June 2023, between 3,000 and 5,000 people had been killed and 6,000 to 8,000 others injured, while as of 18 July 2023, 2.6 million were internally displaced and 730,000 others had fled the country as refugees. Later, a faction of the militant Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu, also fought the SAF in regions bordering South Sudan and Ethiopia. An armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), rival factions of the military government of Sudan, began on 15 April 2023, with the fighting concentrated around the capital city of Khartoum and the Darfur region.
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